教育部、财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见
教育部 财政部
教育部、财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见
教高〔2007〕1号
各省、自治区、直辖市教育厅（教委）、财政厅（局），新疆生产建设兵团教育局、财务局，有关部门（单位）教育、财务司（局），部属各高等学校：
为全面贯彻落实科学发展观，切实把高等教育重点放在提高质量上，经报国务院同意，教育部、财政部决定实施“高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程”（以下简称质量工程），现就该工程的实施提出如下意见。
一、实施质量工程的重要意义
（一）高等教育肩负着培养数以千万计的高素质专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才的重要使命。提高高等教育质量，既是高等教育自身发展规律的需要，也是办好让人民满意的高等教育、提高学生就业能力和创业能力的需要，更是建设创新型国家、构建社会主义和谐社会的需要。党和政府高瞻远瞩，立足于我国高等教育实际，站在实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史高度，做出了把高等教育的重点放在提高质量上的重要决策，这对实现我国经济社会全面协调可持续发展具有重要的历史意义和现实意义。
（二）近年来，高等教育规模快速发展，质量有了较大的提高，为我国经济社会的快速、健康和可持续发展以及高等教育自身的改革发展做出了巨大贡献。但是，高等教育质量还不能完全适应经济社会发展的需要，不少高校的专业设置和结构不尽合理，学生的实践能力和创新精神亟待加强，教师队伍整体素质亟待提高，人才培养模式、教学内容和方法需要进一步转变。因此，迫切需要采取切实有效的措施，进一步深化高等学校教学改革，提高人才培养的能力和水平，更好地满足经济社会发展对高素质创新性人才的需要。
（三）实施质量工程，是坚持科学发展观，全面落实党中央、国务院战略决策和部署的重要举措，是落实科教兴国战略和人才强国战略的重要组成部分。质量工程以提高高等学校本科教学质量为目标，以推进改革和实现优质资源共享为手段，按照“分类指导、鼓励特色、重在改革”的原则，加强内涵建设，提升我国高等教育的质量和整体实力。质量工程充分考虑了提高教学质量的系统性和复杂性，确定了具有基础性、全局性、引导性的项目作为改革的突破口，以调动广大高校的积极性和主动性，引导高等学校教育教学改革的方向。质量工程的实施，对于扩大优质教育资源受益面，形成重视教学、重视质量的良好环境和管理机制，实现高等教育规模、结构、质量和效益协调发展，具有十分重要的意义。
（四）实施质量工程，需要调动政府、学校和社会各方面的力量，把发展高等教育的积极性引导到提高质量上来。各地要加强对高等教育工作的领导，充分利用各方面力量支持高等学校的发展，切实解决高等学校在提高质量方面的实际问题，为高等学校办学创造良好的外部环境。各地教育行政部门和高等学校要强化教学质量的“一把手责任”，把更大精力、更多财力投入到提高教学质量上，要根据当前高等教育改革和发展的新形势、新任务，围绕影响高等学校教学质量的主要方面，明确目标要求，制定具体政策，扎实推进质量工程。
二、指导思想与建设目标
（一）指导思想
坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面落实科学发展观，全面贯彻党的教育方针，全面推进素质教育；坚持“巩固、深化、提高、发展”的方针，遵循高等教育的基本规律，牢固树立人才培养是高校的根本任务、质量是高校的生命线、教学是高校的中心工作的理念；按照分类指导、注重特色的原则，加大教学投入，强化教学管理，深化教学改革，提高人才培养质量。
（二）建设目标
通过质量工程的实施，使高等学校教学质量得到提高，高等教育规模、结构、质量、效益协调发展和可持续发展的机制基本形成；人才培养模式改革取得突破，学生的实践能力和创新精神显著增强；教师队伍整体素质进一步提高，科技创新和人才培养的结合更加紧密；高等学校管理制度更加健全；高等教育在落实科教兴国和人才强国战略，建设创新型国家、构建社会主义和谐社会中的作用得到更好的发挥，基本适应我国经济社会发展的需要。
三、建设内容
（一）专业结构调整与专业认证
根据科学技术发展的特点，紧密结合我国高等教育实际，研究建立适应国家经济与社会发展需要的本科专业设置和调整制度，制订指导性专业规范，构建专业设置预测机制，定期发布各类专业人才的规模变化和供求情况，为高校优化专业布局和调整人才培养结构提供指导。大力加强本科专业建设，按照优势突出、特色鲜明、新兴交叉、社会急需的原则，择优选择和重点建设3000个左右特色专业点，引导各级各类高等学校发挥自身优势，努力办出特色。积极探索专业评估制度改革，重点推进工程技术、医学等领域的专业认证试点工作，逐步建立适应职业制度需要的专业认证体系。
（二）课程、教材建设与资源共享
继续推进国家精品课程建设，遴选3000门左右课程，进行重点改革和建设，力争在教学内容、教学方法和手段、教学梯队、教材建设、教学效果等方面有较大改善，全面带动我国高等学校的课程建设水平和教学质量。启动“万种新教材建设项目”，加强新教材和立体化教材建设，鼓励教师编写新教材，积极做好高质量教材推广和新教材选用工作。积极推进网络教育资源开发和共享平台建设，建设面向全国高校的精品课程和立体化教材的数字化资源中心，建成一批具有示范作用和服务功能的数字化学习中心，实现精品课程的教案、大纲、习题、实验、教学文件以及参考资料等教学资源上网开放，为广大教师和学生提供免费享用的优质教育资源，完善服务终身学习的支持服务体系。开发网上考试系统，研究制订相关标准，逐步实现大学英语和网络教育全国统考课程的网上考试，创造安全、便捷、高效的考试平台。
（三）实践教学与人才培养模式改革创新
大力加强实验、实践教学改革，重点建设500个左右实验教学示范中心，推进高校实验教学内容、方法、手段、队伍、管理及实验教学模式的改革与创新。开展基于企业的大学生实践基地建设试点，拓宽学生的校外实践渠道。实施大学生创新性实验计划，支持15000个由优秀学生进行的创新性试验，促进学生自主创新兴趣和能力的培养。择优选择500个左右人才培养模式创新实验区，推进高等学校在教学内容、课程体系、实践环节等方面进行人才培养模式的综合改革，以倡导启发式教学和研究性学习为核心，探索教学理念、培养模式和管理机制的全方位创新。继续开展大学生竞赛活动，重点资助在全国具有较大影响和广泛参与面的大学生竞赛活动，激发大学生的兴趣和潜能，培养大学生的团队协作意识和创新精神。
（四）教学团队与高水平教师队伍建设
加强本科教学团队建设，重点遴选和建设一批教学质量高、结构合理的教学团队，建立有效的团队合作的机制，推动教学内容和方法改革和研究，促进教学研讨和教学经验交流，开发教学资源，推进教学工作的老中青相结合，发扬传、帮、带的作用，加强青年教师培养。鼓励和支持校内及聘请国内外著名专家学者和高水平专业人才承担教学任务和开设讲座，推动双语教学课程建设，探索有效的教学方法和模式，切实提高大学生的专业英语水平和直接使用英语从事科研的能力。每年评选100名高等学校教学名师奖获得者，大力表彰在教学和人才培养领域做出突出贡献的教师。
（五）教学评估与教学状态基本数据公布
加强和改进高校本科教学工作评估，以评促建，以评促改，评建结合，重在建设，促进学校强化教学管理、深化教学改革、提高教学质量。研究制定高等学校分类指导、分类评估的政策和制度，引领高等学校合理定位，发挥优势，办出水平，办出特色。建立高等学校教学基本状态数据检测体系，定期采集各类高等学校本科教学基本状态信息和数据，统计和分析高等学校教学基本状态和变化趋势，逐步将教学质量和教学改革的数据向社会公布。
（六）对口支援西部地区高等学校
推进对口支援西部高校工作，促进东部和西部高等教育的协调发展。重点资助受援高校教师到支援高校进行半年以上的进修提高。在对口支援高校中实行干部交流制度，资助一批受援高校教学管理干部到对口支援高校学习锻炼，交流管理经验，提高受援高校的教学管理水平。
四、建设资金与组织管理
（一）质量工程由中央财政专项支持。专项资金按照统一规划、单独核算、专款专用的原则，实行项目管理。财政部、教育部将联合制订《高等学校本科教学质量和教学改革工程专项资金管理办法》（另发）。项目承担学校根据专项资金管理办法，具体负责经费的使用和管理。
（二）鼓励各地方、各部门和高校发挥自身特点，在中央重点支持项目的基础上，积极筹措资金支持质量工程项目的实施。
（三）教育部、财政部成立质量工程领导小组，协商决定质量工程的重大方针政策和总体规划。领导小组下设办公室，具体负责质量工程的日常工作。项目承担学校应指定相关部门作为专门机构，统筹负责本校质量工程项目的规划和实施。
（四）质量工程领导小组办公室根据质量工程建设目标和任务，制订和发布项目指南，确定项目遴选标准和基本条件，聘任评审专家，组织评审立项。项目采用学校先行立项建设、各省（自治区、直辖市）择优推荐、领导小组办公室组织评审立项、后补助建设经费的方式进行。通过这种方式，形成学校、地方和中央三级立项建设的体系，引导和带动学校和地方教育行政部门加强质量建设工作，扩大质量工程的影响。
（五）项目承担学校按照统一部署，根据质量工程的总体目标和任务，依据所承担项目的要求，在充分调查研究论证的基础上，结合学校的特色和办学定位，以改革创新促进发展的思路，确定项目建设实施方案，组织项目实施，并保证项目建设达到预期成效。
（六）质量工程领导小组办公室将加强对质量工程建设项目的检查、审计和绩效评估，并根据检查、审计、评估的结果，对有关高等学校的项目和资金进行调整。建设项目完成后，组织专家会同相关部门组织验收。充分发挥质量工程的示范和带动作用，把教学质量与教学改革作为高校评价的一项重要内容，从而更好地促进全国高校在提高教学质量、深化教学改革方面工作的开展。
二○○七年一月二十二日
中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)
财政部
中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)
1993年12月25日，财政部
细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》（以下简称条例）第二十八条的规定，制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物，是指有形动产，包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工，是指受托加工货物，即委托方提供原料及主要材料，受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配，是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复，使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物，是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务，是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务，不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿，包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为，视同销售货物：
（一）将货物交付他人代销；
（二）销售代销货物；
（三）设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人，将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售，但相关机构设在同一县（市）的除外；
（四）将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目；
（五）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资，提供给其他单位或个体经营者；
（六）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者；
（七）将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费；
（八）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务，为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为，视为销售货物，应当征收增值税；其他单位和个人的混合销售行为，视为销售非应税劳务，不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务，是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者，包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的，应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的，其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内（以下简称境内）销售货物，是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内；
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务，是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位，是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人，是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的，以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务，并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的，其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人（以下简称一般纳税人）因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额，应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减，因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额，应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用，是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金（延期付款利息）、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内：
（一）向购买方收取的销项税额；
（二）受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税；
（三）同时符合以下条件的代垫运费：
1．承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的；
2．纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用，无论其会计制度如何核算，均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务，依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的，其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计，货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的，按下列公式计算销售额：
含税销售额
销售额＝－－－－－－－
1＋税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定，纳税人按外汇结算销售额的，其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价（原则上为中间价）。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率，确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者，按下列顺序确定销售额：
（一）按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定；
（二）按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定；
（三）按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为：
组成计税价格＝成本×（1＋成本利润率）
属于应征消费税的货物，其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指：销售自产货物的为实际生产成本，销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价，包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款，是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务，依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的，该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额，符合条例第八条规定的，准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指：
（一）使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具；
（二）单位价值在2000元以上，并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目，是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物，无论会计制度规定如何核算，均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失，是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失，包括：
（一）自然灾害损失；
（二）因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失；
（三）其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第（二）至（六）项所列情况的，应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的，按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目（不包括固定资产在建工程）而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的，按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进＝部进项×－－－－－－－－－－项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下：
（一）从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人，以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主，并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人，年应征增值税销售额（以下简称应税销售额）在100万元以下的；
（二）从事货物批发或零售的纳税人，年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业，视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的，按下列公式计算销售额：
含税销售额
销售额＝－－－－－－－
1＋征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额，应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全，是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的，经国家税务总局直属分局批准，可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后，不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者，应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额，不得抵扣进项税额，也不得使用增值税专用发票。
（一）会计核算不健全，或者不能够提供准确税务资料的；
（二）符合一般纳税人条件，但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围，限定如下：
（一）第一款第（一）项所称农业，是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者，包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品，是指初级农业产品，具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
（二）第一款第（三）项所称古旧图书，是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
（三）第一款第（八）项所称物品，是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品，是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下：
（一）销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
（二）销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
（三）按次纳税的起征点为每次（日）销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额，是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内，根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点，并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第（一）项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间，按销售结算方式的不同，具体为：
（一）采取直接收款方式销售货物，不论货物是否发出，均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据，并将提货单交给买方的当天；
（二）采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物，为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天；
（三）采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物，为按合同约定的收款日期的当天；
（四）采取预收货款方式销售货物，为货物发出的当天；
（五）委托其他纳税人代销货物，为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天；
（六）销售应税劳务，为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天；
（七）纳税人发生本细则第四条第（三）项至第（八）项所列视同销售货物行为，为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的，其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人；没有代理人的，以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县（市）销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的，由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关，是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关，均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”，均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释，或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例（草案）实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例（草案）实施细则》同时废止。
DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX
(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the
Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The
Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the
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